Assessment of occupational health and safety risks in selected construction sites in oyo state, Nigeria

Abstract

Construction sites are an important part of the economy in many countries including Nigeria and is often seen as a tool for economic growth. However, these sites face significant occupational health and safety (OHS) challenges, characterized by high accident rates and substantial health risks. This study assessed occupational health and safety practices in selected construction sites in Oyo State, Nigeria, focusing on Reynolds Construction Company and Arab Contractors as case studies. Through a mixed-method approach involving interviews, questionnaires, and site observations, the research investigated current OHS assessment practices, risk management protocols, and implementation challenges. The study revealed critical findings: risk management responsibilities are exclusively delegated to contractors and limited to the construction phase, with no systematic assessment methodology in place. Instead, risk evaluation relies heavily on individual judgment, guided by personal experience, educational background, and existing regulations. The research identified that risk communication primarily occurs through toolbox meetings and informal discussions, while risk control predominantly depends on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Key factors influencing OHS management include regulatory frameworks, individual competencies, and work environment conditions. Notable challenges hampering effective OHS implementation include site configuration, procurement systems, design complexity, and geographical location constraints. Analysis of hazard consequences revealed that working at heights and manual handling presented the highest risk factors, followed by exposure to chemicals, dust, and noise. The study also found that 71% of workers lacked formal health and safety training, potentially contributing to the 31.74% rate of major accidents reported during task performance. This research recommends a more integrated approach to OHS management, emphasizing the need for active involvement from key project stakeholders, including clients, design teams, consultants, and government agencies, to enhance safety standards in Nigerian construction sites. The findings contribute to the understanding of OHS practices in developing countries and provide a framework for improving construction site safety in Nigeria. Therefore, in Nigeria, the study suggests that there is a need for the key project stakeholders such as client, design team consultants and government to be involved in managing health and safety risk on construction sites.